Unit 1: The organizaton of the human body

The human cell and organelles

Cell model and organelles 1

Cell model and organelles 2

Inside an amazing cell

Flash cards

Video

	STRUCTURE	FUNCTION
CELL MEMBRANE	Thin elastic layer.	It controls which substances go in and out. It detecs stimuli. It communicates with others cells.
CYTOPLASM	Gel-like substance.	It contains the organelles. Chemical reactions take place here.
RIBOSOMES	Composed of two sub-units. Don't have membrane.	They make (synthesise) proteins.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM	Interconnected sacs and canals. Rough ER has ribosomes attached to the membrane.	Smooth: Synthesis of some hormones and lipids. Breakdown of toxins in liver cells. Rough: Stores and transports proteins.
GOLGI BODY/APPARATUS	Net-like stacks of flattened membranous sacs with vesicles.	It transports substances from the ER by means of the vesicles.
LYSOSOMES	Small vesicles with a single membrane	They have digestive substances that break down large food partricles into smaller ones
MITOCHONDRIA	Double membrane. The inner one is folded forming cristae.	Cellular respiration (nutrients are converted to energy)
VACUOLE (MEMBRANOUS VESICLE)	Membranous sacs.	It stores nutrients, waste and other materials.
CENTRIOLES	Two hollow cylinders composed of filaments	They organize the separation of chromosomes during cell division.
CYTOSKELETON	Series of long, thin filaments (microtubules)	It holds the organelles. It gives shape to hte cell. It allows movement (cilia and flagella).
NUCLEUS	Nuclear membrane with pores. DNA (contains hereditary information for the life of the cell). It can be seen as chromatin (DNA+ proteins) or chromosomes. Nucleolus: produces ribosomes.	It controls the activities of the cell.

Human tissues
A tissue is a family of cells that live very close together, and work hard to do the same jobs. Many tissues come together to form what biologists call an organ. Organs then work together to form a system, and eventually the entire body of a lifeform. 
http://e2bn.skoool.co.uk/content/keystage3/biology/pc/learningsteps/OLTLC/launch.html 

TISSUE		FUNCTION
Epithelial/epithelium		It covers the external surface of the body. It covers the interior of the ducts and hollow organs.
Muscle		Muscle fibres are contractile. They move the skeletal system and the walls of different organs.
Nerve		Neurons receive and respond to stimuli. They control the activity of the organism.
Connective (cells separated by matrix)	Conjuctive	Joins and links other tissues.
	Cartilaginous	Hold together the soft parts of the body.
	Fatty	Stores energy and provides thermal insulation
	Bone	Provides support ans protects vital organs
	Blood	Transports substances.

 


Organs and systems

SYSTEM	ORGANS	FUNCTION
Digestive	Liver, stomach, pancreas, intestine	It breaks down food into nutrients
Respiratory	Lungs, trachea	It obtains O2 and expels CO2
Circulatory	Heart, blood vessels	It takes food to the cells and remove waste from them
Lymphatic	Lymph vessels	It colaborates with the circulatory system
Excretion	Kidney	It removes the waste from the blood
Nervous	Brain, nerves, eye	It receives stimuli and elaborates a response
Endocrine	Thyroid gland	It makes hormones
Muscular	Biceps, triceps	It produces movements.
Skeletal	Cranium, clavicle, tibia	It produces movements. It holds together our body. It gives protection to some organs.
Female reproductive	Uterus, ovary	It makes new individuals.
Male reproductive	Testicles, penis	It makes new individuals